Phrases & Clause
Clause Definition:
A clause is referred to as a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and acts as a part of a complex or compound sentence.
Clause একটি শব্দগুচ্ছ যার একটি subject (উদ্দেশ্য) এবং একটি predicate (বিধেয়) আছে এবং যা একটি complex অথবা একটি compound sentence এর অংশ হিসেবে কাজ করে ।
Example:
When the girl was singing, we were listening to her.
Here the sentence has two clauses, “When the girl was singing” and “we were listening to her”, each having a subject and a predicate.
এখানে sentence টির দুটি clause আছে, “When the girl was singing” এবং “we were listening to her”, প্রতিটিরই একটি subject (উদ্দেশ্য) এবং একটি predicate (বিধেয়) আছে ।
Types of Clause:
Clauses are mainly of two types:
Clause প্রধানত: দুই প্রকার:
Independent Clauses (Main Clause)
Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause)
Dependent Clause can be again divided into three types.
Dependent Clause কে আবার তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়।:
Noun Clause.
Adjective or Relative Clause.
Adverb Clause
Adjective বা Relative Clause কে আবার দুই ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়।:
Restrictive Clause
Nonrestrictive Clause
All types of clauses are discussed below.:
নিচে সবধরনের clause বর্ণিত হল।
Independent Clauses (Main Clause):
An independent clause is a clause which has a complete meaning and can stand alone as a sentence. Simple sentences are independent clauses.
একটি Independent Clause হলো এমন একটি clause যার একটি পূর্ণ অর্থ আছে এবং যা একাই একটি sentence হিসেবে দাঁড়াতে পারে । Simple sentence গুলোই হল independent clause ।
Example:
The University is closed today.
I am going out for a vacation.
She is studying very hard.
All the simple sentences above are independent clauses because all have complete meanings and stand alone as sentences.
উপরের সব simple sentence গুলোই independent clauses কারণ সবারই পূর্ণ অর্থ আছে এবং পৃথকভাবে sentence হিসেবে দাঁড়াতে পারে ।
Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause):
Subordinate or dependent clauses refer to the type of clauses that depend on an independent clause to express a complete meaning and cannot stand alone as a sentence. These clauses start with a dependent word like a relative pronoun or a subordinate conjunction. Such as, who, because, and, but, although, where, when, etc.
একটি dependent clause হল এমন একটি clause যা একটি পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে একটি independent clause এর উপর নির্ভর করে এবং একটি পৃথক sentence হিসেবে দাঁড়াতে পারে না । এই clause গুলো একটি নির্ভরশীল শব্দ তথা একটি relative pronoun অথবা একটি subordinate conjunction দিয়ে শুরু হয় । যেমন: who, because, and, but, although, where, when, প্রভৃতি।
Example:
The writer who came here was my friend.
When the rain stopped, we started our journey.
She could not come because she was not in the city.
Here, ”who came here”, “When the rain stopped” and “because she was not in the city” are subordinate clauses as they cannot stand alone as sentences and are dependent on the independent clauses in the mentioned sentences.
এখানে, ”who came here”, “When the rain stopped” এবং “because she was not in the city” হল subordinate clause কারণ তারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে না এবং উল্লেখিত sentence গুলোর independent clause এর উপর নির্ভরশীল ।
Dependent Clause can be again divided into three types.:
Dependent Clause কে আবার তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়।:
These types are discussed below.
এই প্রকারগুলো নিম্নে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Noun Clause:
The clause which can replace any noun in a sentence and act as a subject, object or complement is called noun clause.
যে clause একটি sentence এ যেকোন noun এর পরিবর্তে বসে এবং subject, object বা complement হিসেবে ভূমিকা পালন করে তাকে noun clause বলে ।
Example:
The book I bought yesterday was really helpful to complete my assignment. Or What I bought yesterday was really helpful to complete my assignment.
Here “What I bought yesterday” is a noun clause acting as the subject.
এখানে “What I bought yesterday” একটি noun clause যা subject হিসেবে কাজ করছে।
I did not know that she is coming.
Here “that she is coming” is the noun clause acting as the object.
এখানে “that she is coming” একটি noun clause যা object হিসেবে কাজ করছে।
I am sad that you are leaving tomorrow.
Here “that you are leaving tomorrow” is a noun clause acting as an adjective complement because it answers the question “why am I sad?”
এখানে “that you are leaving tomorrow” একটি noun clause যা adjective complement হিসেবে কাজ করছে কারণ এটি “আমি কেন দু:খিত” এই প্রশ্নের উত্তর দিচ্ছে ।
Adjective or Relative Clause:
The clause which describes a noun just like an adjective is called adjective or relative clause.
যে clause একটি nounকে একটি adjective এর মত বর্ণনা করে তাকে adjective বা relative clause বলে।
Adjective clauses are of two types:
i. Restrictive Clause:
The adjective clause which specifies or restricts the noun is called restrictive clause.
যে adjective clause কোন nounকে বিশেষভাবে নির্দিষ্ট করে বোঝায় তাকে restrictive clause বলে ।
Example:
The building that they build in Dhanmondi sold for five
Here, “that they build in Dhanmondi” is a restrictive clause because it is specifying the building. It is also implied that there could be several buildings.
ii. Nonrestrictive Clause:
The adjective clause which adds extra information about an already specific noun is called nonrestrictive clause.
যে adjective clause আগে থেকে নির্দিষ্ট কোন noun সম্পর্কে বাড়তি কোন তথ্য দেয় তাকে nonrestrictive clause বলে ।
Example:
The building, which they build in Dhanmondi, sold for five
Here “which they build in Dhanmondi” is a nonrestrictive clause because it is specifying the building which is already specified by a comma. It is also specified here that there is only one building to talk about.
Adverb Clause:
An adverb clause expresses where, when, how and why something occurs.
একটি adverb clause কোথায়, কখন, কিভাবে এবং কেন কোনকিছু ঘটে তা বোঝায় ।
Example:
I will meet you when I have completed all my assigned tasks.
Here “when I have completed all my assigned tasks” is an adverb clause as it is expressing when I will meet you.
এখানে “when I have completed all my assigned tasks” একটি adverb clause কারণ এটা বোঝাচ্ছে, কখন আমি তোমার সাথে দেখা করব ।
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Phrases Definition:
A phrase is a group of words having no subject and finite verb which gives meaning to a sentence.
Phrase একটি শব্দগুচ্ছ যাতে কোন subject এবং finite verb থাকে না ও যা একটি sentence কে অর্থপূর্ণ করে তোলে।
Example:
He is indeed a man of parts.
Life is not a bed of roses.
She has no kith and kin
The words in bold letters don’t have any subject and finite verb but still giving the sentence a meaning. They are phrases.
Bold অক্ষরের শব্দগুলোর কোন subject এবং finite verb নেই কিন্তু তাও sentenceটিকে একটি অর্থ দিচ্ছে। এগুলো phrase।
Types of Phrases:
There are generally nine types of phrases (Phrase সাধারণত: নয় ধরনের):
Noun Phrase.
Verb Phrase
Adverbial Phrase
Adjective Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Conjunctional Phrase
Interjectional Phrase
Participial Phrase
Absolute Phrase
Noun phrase তিন ধরনের হয়:
Appositive Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Infinitive Phrase.
Noun Phrase:
The group of words that perform the task of a noun is called Noun Phrase. Noun phrases are of three types:
যে শব্দগুচ্ছ noun এর কাজ করে তাকে Noun Phrase বলে। Noun phrase তিন ধরনের হয়:
i. Appositive Phrase:
A noun phrase that renames another noun, not technically modifies it is called an appositive phrase.
যে noun phrase অন্য একটি nounকে নতুন করে নাম দেয়, কৌশলগতভাবে বর্ণনা করে না তাকে appositive phrase বলে।
Example:
Nachiketa, my favorite singer, is coming to Dhaka.
ii. Gerund Phrase:
A noun phrase with a gerund as its head is called a gerund phrase.
যে noun phrase এর শুরুতে gerund যুক্ত থাকে তাকে gerund phrase বলে।
Example:
I love listening to music.
iii. Infinitive Phrase:
An infinitive phrase refers to a noun phrase containing an infinitive at the beginning.
যে noun phrase এর শুরুতে একটি infinitive থাকে তাকে infinitive phrase বলে।
Example:
I love to listen to music.
Verb Phrase:
The group of words that perform the task of the verb is called Verb Phrase. A verb phrase has more than one verbs, one is a principal verb, and others are auxiliary verbs, such as am, is, are, was, were, be, being, have, had, has, shall, should, etc.
যে শব্দগুচ্ছ verb এর কাজ করে তাকে Verb Phrase বলে। একটি verb phrase এ একাধিক verb থাকে, একটি মূল verb এবং অপরগুলো সাহায্যকারী verb, যেমন, am, is, are, was, were, be, being, have, had has, shall, should, প্রভৃতি।
Example:
I was reading my favorite book yesterday.
They were going to the concert.
Adverbial Phrase:
The group of words that perform the task of the adverb is called Adverbial Phrase. An adverbial phrase also has other words apart from adverbs such as noun, verb, preposition, and modifiers which function like an adverb in the sentence.
যে শব্দগুচ্ছ adverb এর কাজ করে তাকে Adverbial Phrase বলে। একটি adverbial phrase এ adverb ছাড়াও অন্যান্য শব্দ যেমন: noun, verb, preposition এবং modifiers থাকে যা sentence এ adverb এর কাজ করে।
Example:
I came here
Once upon a time, he lived here.
She said it in a polite way.
Adjective Phrase:
The phrase that performs the function of an adjective is called Adjective Phrase.
যে phrase adjective এর কাজ করে তাকে Adjective Phrase বলে।
Example:
The girl is always full of life.
She is slow and steady.
This rule is now null and void.
Prepositional Phrase:
The phrase which has a preposition as its head and functions as an adjective, adverb or noun in a sentence is called a prepositional phrase. Generally, a prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.
যে phrase এর শুরুতে একটি preposition থাকে এবং যা একটি sentence এ adjective, adverb বা noun এর কাজ করে তাকে prepositional phrase বলে। সাধারণত: একটি prepositional phrase একটি preposition দিয়ে শুরু হয় এবং একটি noun বা pronoun দিয়ে শেষ হয়।
Example:
The students with whom I met at the varsity were friendly.
The salesman sells from door to door.
We are on the way to Dhaka.
Conjunctional Phrase:
The phrase which functions as a conjunction is called a conjunctional phrase.
যে phrase একটি conjunction এর মত কাজ করে তাকে conjunctional phrase বলে।
Example:
We started our journey as soon as the rain stopped.
Please come as quickly as you can.
She is not only magnificently gorgeous but also brilliantly intellectual.
Interjectional Phrase:
The phrase which functions like an interjection is called an interjectional phrase.
যে phrase একটি interjection এর মত কাজ করে তাকে interjectional phrase বলে।
Example:
What a miracle! She has come to the program.
My goodness! What have you done?
For heaven’s sake! Don’t go there.
Participial Phrase:
A phrase which has a present or past participle as its head is called a participial phrase.
যে phrase এর শুরুতে একটি present বা past participle থাকে তাকে participial phrase বলে।
Example:
The women sitting by the river were gossiping.
Coming home, I came to know the truth.
She was drinking water in a glass made of stone.
Absolute Phrase:
The phrase which has a subject but no finite verb and modifies the whole sentence, not a noun is called an absolute phrase.
যে phrase এর একটি subject আছে কিন্তু কোন finite verb নেই এবং যা সম্পূর্ণ sentenceটিকে মূল্যায়ন করে শুধু একটি noun কে নয়, তাকে absolute phrase বলে।
Example:
My friend finally coming back to this country, I will be able to share my thoughts and idea with her.
Her arrival at the last moment, we all were relieved from tension.
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